Passage 4

"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise, " says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But, " he cautions, "some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow.
Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available. "
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000 , the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent.
For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survivaL
statistics are still discouraging-----13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pan- creas (胰腺) .
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they disoovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因) , are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radi-
ation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a nor- mal part of the evoLutionary process , " says oncologist William Haywar. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out , "We can' t prepare a medicine against cosmic
rays. "
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
"First , we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second,

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